N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a highly toxic organic compound that belongs to the nitrosamines family. It is a yellow, oily liquid with a slightly fishy odor. NDMA is soluble in water and organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. NDMA was initially used as a rocket fuel component, but it is now known to be a potent carcinogen that can cause cancer in humans and animals. NDMA is formed by the reaction of dimethylamine and nitrite in the presence of heat or acidic conditions. NDMA can also be formed during the production of certain chemicals, including pesticides, rubber, and dyes. NDMA can enter the environment through wastewater and industrial discharge, and it can also be found in food and drinking water. NDMA exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. NDMA is known to cause liver damage, lung damage, and kidney damage in animals and humans. NDMA exposure has also been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly liver and kidney cancer. Due to its toxic nature, NDMA is strictly regulated by various agencies worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a maximum allowable limit of 0.07 micrograms per liter of NDMA in drinking water. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has also set a maximum allowable limit of 0.0007 milligrams per liter of NDMA in drinking water. NDMA is also listed as a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).